Grammar Essentials for age 11

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Nouns, verbs, pronouns, prepositional words, connectives, pronouns , proverbs, idioms, slangs  Nouns-  special names begin with capital letters Describing words (make sentences more interesting) Comparative nouns Collective nouns More (-er) most (-est) Singular and plural nouns Verbs regular  past tense (-ed) Use past tense consistently Use verb tenses with increasing accuracy in speaking and writing Did/ done (has), catch /caught , give/ gave Verbs is/are, was/ were Verb tense: present, past, future Auxillary verbs – have, was, shall, will Verb forms – active, interrogative, imperative Active and passive verbs Adverb (-ly) (how words) Find good adverbs to describe the verb Plurals (s, es) more than one Articles a and an Use of article an with words beginning with silent h in an hour Owning words (pronouns) my, his, her, its, yours Pronouns – whom, who, which, it Person – 1st, 2nd, 3rd Opposite words Person verb agreement (I run, you run, he runs, they run) Noun / pronoun/ verb agreement ( I ma, they are, we are, he is) Verb / noun agreement Comparative adjectives e.g. long, longer, longest Connectives ‘and’ and ‘but’  to join two simple sentences Collective nouns –e.g.  a team of players Abstract nouns e.g.  feelings, thoughts Gender of nouns Know all five types of nouns: Common - dog Proper - Sandra Concrete – of real objects Abstract – qualities, feelings Collective – groups Know noun endings –ment, -ship, -ness, -ence, -ance Main clause & dependent clause Figures of speech – similes, metaphors, personification Phrases, sentences & paragraphs Other connectives: When, because, until, before, Use these to form complex sentences (dependent clause) Teach sentence with two verbs of equal weight is a compound sentence More connectives Until, before, after, unless, if Use alternative (powerful) adverbs and adjectives to make writing more interesting Direct and indirect speech Investigate word classes e.g. Noun (pleasure) Adjective (pleasant) Verb(please)  Adverb (pleasurably)  Formal & informal language Adverbial phrases – adverbs of Manner (how it was done) Time (when it was done) Place ( where it was done) Use of standard English: Concord agreement of singular with singular and plural with plural. Agreement between nouns & verbs Consistency of tense and subject Avoidance of double negatives Avoidance of non-standard dialect words Know all parts of speech Word classes 1.     Noun 2.     Pronoun 3.     Adjective 4.     Verb 5.     Adverb 6.     Conjunction 7.     Preposition 8.     Interjection Know figures of speech Simile Metaphor Personification Idiom Expression & sayings Colloquialism & slangs Special effects words Alliteration Proverbs Irony Onomatopoeia Revise language conventions and grammatical features of different text types through reading and writing Narratives (e.g. historical stories, traditional stories, fairy tales, science fiction, myths and legends, flashbacks), recounts, instructional, reports, explanation, persuasion, discussions, range of letters, public notices, adverts, diaries, range of poems, description, biography and autobiography. Teach: Revise composition of simple, compound and complex sentences and the essential points of Grammar at this stage. Teach:  independent use of dictionaries, thesauri, reference books, internet research skills  etc.

Capital letter for names Capital letter for start of  a sentence Capital letter for personal pronoun I Capital letter for personal titles (Mr, Mrs) Use full stop for ending sentences Use of full stop for abbreviation Use of full stop for when a word has been made shorter Use question marks for questions words – who, when, how, what, where, which Use comma when we take a breath Use comma in a list use comma to separate group of words use comma to separate connectives that come in pairs in sentences e.g. neither nor, use comma to separate a subordinate clause from the main clause in a sentence Use of exclamation mark to Mark surprise, humour, joy Show fear, anger, pain, danger, giving an order or shouting identify speech marks in reading understand basic conventions of speech punctuation Shortening words using full stops or the high comma Use of apostrophe for ownership /possession Basic rules for apostrophising Boy’s hat, boys’ hats Other uses of capitalisation: Personal pronoun I Each line of a poem Begin exact words spoken in inverted commas Words in titles Colon: to signal a list or explanation Respond to punctuations ‘ . ? ! ,  “  “ ; : - ( ) -- ...  in reading ‘ . ? ! ,  “  “ ; : - ( ) -- ...  in writing In addition, master:  Use the dash to show gaps or hesitation An abrupt change of thought Use dash with a colon to introduce a list  Use a dash to show longer pauses instead of brackets The Hyphen Use the hyphen: To join two or more words to make a new compound word e.g. hyper-active , single-minded, long-lasting, up-to-date To join two syllables of a word when separated at the end of a line e.g. se- parate To pair with capital letters e.g. anti-British, U-turn To separate a prefix from it root word where the letter combination will look odd e.g. co-ordinate, re-emit, de-ice To avoid confusion with an existing word e.g. re-cover, recover Use ellipse (dots) to: Show a break in a phrase or sentence Scraps of conversation To show a word or words have been missed out. The brackets Placed round words which give extra information which is not absolutely essential e.g. an afterthought or to explain something in the sentence. The full stop To show a word has been abbreviated but when the first and last letters are included in the abbreviation, you do not need a full stop: Dr, maths, Mrs, Emi. Utd Punctuation to master: Use and respond effectively to all twelve punctuation marks in reading and writing. ‘ . ? ! ,  “  “ ; : - ( ) -- ...